Ben Turner is a U.K. based staff writer at Live Science. At first Peter thought it was a grizzly. Although these sister species often occupy adjacent regions, direct contact has not been the norm because polar bears hunt, breed, and sometimes even make maternity dens on sea ice, where brown bears have an overwhelmingly terrestrial lifestyle. Two male grizzlies mated with the female polar bear to give rise to the four F1s, with one grizzly bear apparently mating with the polar bear in two different years (two of the F1s are full siblings, but born three years apart). They have different species names making them different species. DeSantis said polar bears and grizzly bears have been observed near whale carcasses, prompting them to "engage in opportunistic mating." With sea ice thinning, the endangered, starving polar bears are being driven . These eight species identified include four first-generation pizzly bears with a 50:50 split between brown and polar bears. DNA testing showed four of these bears were first generation (F1) pizzly bears, offspring from a grizzly bear, and a polar bear. Pizzly bears are protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and are listed as a species of special concern by the IUCN Red List. The names Pizzly and Grolar are composed of the English species names "Polar bear" and "Grizzly" depending on whether the father is a polar bear or a grizzly: Pizzly if the father is a polar bear, and Grolar if the father is a grizzly. Find out in this article I wrote, Broox 2023 Upgraded Solar Animal Repeller, Ultrasonic Repellent, Waterproof, Wireless, Motion Detection, LED Flashing Light, Dog, Cat Repellent, Squirrel, Raccoon, Skunk, Rabbit, Rodent, Fox, Deer, Animal Repeller Ultrasonic, Solar Animal Repellent Outdoor Animal Deterrent Devices Repel Squirrel, Raccoon, Skunk, Rabbit, Rodent, Fox, Deer, etc, Abilly 2022 Solar Animal Repeller, Ultrasonic Repellent, Motion Detection, LED Flashing Light, Dog, Cat Repellent, Squirrel, Raccoon, Skunk, Rabbit, Rodent, Fox, Deer, with Motion Detector, Green. With features that could give them an edge in warming northern habitats, some scientists speculate that the pizzlies, or "grolars", could be here to stay. The pizzly bear is the offspring of a polar bear and a grizzly bear, and they share characteristics of both bears while simultaneously being different from both parents. Pizzly bears are known to be far less aggressive than either parent species alone and tend to lead solitary lifestyles. However, on the other hand, some argue that these hybrid animals may be harmful to species because they arent true representatives of either, creating new problems regarding genetic diversity between species. Many hybrid animals cannot produce sperm or eggs and are infertile because the parents chromosomes do not match up. This hybrid animal was found on Banks Island in the Northern Territories in Canada. In some cases, they may extend their range into populated areas due to limited habitat availability, raising safety concerns for locals unfamiliar with nocturnal wildlife behaviors. Okay, so we know its possible for grizzly bears and polar bears to mate and reproduce fertile offspring. It had patches. A 2018 study published in Science found as sea ice continues to decline, "polar bears are likely to experience increasingly stressful conditions and higher mortality rates." Brown bears have been seen in Spring going out onto the ice to feed on seals that polar bears have killed. Box 4666, Ventura, CA 93007 Request a Quote: bridal boutiques in brooklyn CSDA Santa Barbara County Chapter's General Contractor of the Year 2014! Two of her cubs were full genetic siblings, even though they were born a whole three years apart. In the early 1990s, less than 25 Florida panthers were in the wild. Pizzly bears often have small shoulder humps like grizzly bears. In addition to their appearance, pizzly bear cubseven those that look a lot like grizzly bearsbehave more like polar bears. A different species of bear would be the Brown Bear (AKA the Grizzly Bear). Heres how it works. On May 8, 2006, the discovery of the grizzly-polar bear hybrid received increased attention when, soon after the story was announced, the comedy television show The Colbert Report light-heartedly named the new species as the number one threat to American Security. (Image: Corradox) pic.twitter.com/UoYebVty2h. The rise of the pizzlies coincides with polar bears decline: their numbers are projected to decrease by more than 30% in the next 30 years, according to a 2016 study in the journal Biology Letters. Whereas a polar bear has an extended, sleek profile, the grizzly bear has a much rounder, thick head. And what does this mean for the future? "They often have dark, darker fur rings around their eyes. Thats because the continued rising temperatures around the globe are sending them all together. Nothing brings me greater joy than a day spent in the company of animals. Polar bears typically rely on sea ice to hunt for seals, which make up the vast majority of their diet. Ursus maritimus the polar bearhints that this predator is as much at home hunting its prey in water as it is on the Arctic ice. Grizzlies, despite being smaller than polar bears, are more aggressive and dominant. In 2006, an Inuvialuit hunter . The breeding season of a polar bear is from May to July, whereas the mating season of a grizzly bear is between April and June. I have been a professional writer for 10 years with a particular focus on nature, wildlife, anthrozoology, and human-animal relationships. In fact, the grizzly bear, or brown bear, was actually the precursor to the polar bear. "Polar bears consumed soft foods even during the Medieval Warm Period, a previous period of rapid warming. 2022 BGR Media, LLC. But she said there have been some instances where hybrids are more vigorous, "particularly if that environment is deviating from what it once was.". what part of the pizzly resembles a grizzly bear. Do bears have tails? Journal of Heredity, Available here: https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article-abstract/41/2/34/889525?redirectedFrom=fulltext, Wildlife Genetics International, Available here: http://www.wildlifegenetics.ca/, North American Nature, Available here: https://northamericannature.com/what-is-a-pizzly-bear/, Arctic Institute of North America, Available here: https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/67681. At the Smithsonian National Zoo in Washington, DC, a male polar bear and a female grizzly bear got together and mated at the zoo. June 14, 2022 . Kerry Nicholson heads the North Slope Grizzly Project, which focuses on grizzlies living in the oil fields of Alaskas Arctic. "The polar bear is the canary in the coalmine telling us how bad things are.". Grizzly Bears have a massive head with a prominent nose, rounded inconspicuous ears, small eyes, short tail and a large, powerful body (Pasitschnaik-Arts 1993). what part of the pizzly resembles a grizzly bear. National Geographic's Grizzly . von | Jun 30, 2022 | last salute to the commodore | Jun 30, 2022 | last salute to the commodore It's . It can get confusing as grizzly bears and brown bears can be used . They stomped toys in a manner reminiscent of how polar bears break the ice, and hurled bags to the side "as polar bears may hurl prey". One camera trap showed a polar bear and black bear pass by within three hours of each other. According to DeSantis, generalist animals such as coyotes and cougars are the best survivors of rapid change to their environment, not highly specialized apex predators like polar bears and saber-toothed cats. The bear possesses physical characteristics intermediate between grizzlies and polar bears, such as brown fur on its paws, long claws, and a grizzly-like head.[14]. They then implant the embryo into the womb. Cryptic lost Canaanite language decoded on 'Rosetta Stone'-like tablets, The ultimate action-packed science and technology magazine bursting with exciting information about the universe, Subscribe today and save an extra 5% with checkout code 'LOVE5', Engaging articles, amazing illustrations & exclusive interviews, Issues delivered straight to your door or device. In May about five years ago, a male grizzly bear woke from hibernation and headed east, toward the Nunavut shore of Hudson's Bay. The pizzly bear has a shoulder muscle hump, although this is much smaller than a grizzly bear. David's bear has a pizzly mother, instead of a full-bred polar bear, making it more grizzly than anything. Other scientists suggested putting the sires name first (as they do for many other hybrid animals). This appears to reflect a process in which a population of polar bears was left behind as the species retreated northwards at the end of the last ice age, with male brown bears subsequently introducing genes from the adjacent mainland, but female brown bears being generally unable or unwilling to swim across several kilometres of open ocean to reach the islands (thus the lack of exchange of mitochondrial DNA). However, they can be found in the same habitat in Northern Manitoba and on the north edge of Alaska. Since 2006, there have been eight hybrids verified after being killed or captured. Grizzly bears inhabit Alaska, western Canada, and parts of the northwestern United States. Pizzly is . Brown bears and polar bears do not overlap in many places in the wild. If the bear had been adjudicated to be a grizzly, the hunter would have faced a possible CAN$1,000 fine and up to a year in jail. what happened to maverick on k102; meritain health timely filing limit 2020 The cubs were called double hybrids since both of their parents were hybrids themselves. Subscribe to OL+ for our best feature stories and photography. Although there have been many possible sightings of pizzly bears in the wild, there was no physical evidence of one until 2006. Perhaps. Although polars and grizzlies are genetically similar, they tend to avoid each other in . Results showed it to be 100 percent grizzly. [30] Grizzlies given the same bags do not demonstrate this hurling behavior. In 2022, my brother Luke and his 18-year-old daughter Kiah were at the beginning of a two-week walk-about in the central Brooks Range when they saw what they thought was a strange, light-colored rock. DNA testing confirmed the bear was a hybrid, The Associated Press reported at the time. Polar bears have longer skulls, which makes them experts at grabbing seals out of the sea, DeSantis said. Scientists at the time said that the only thing that made it special was that it existed. In some sense, pizzly bears could be a sad but necessary compromise given current warming trends, DeSantis said. The cubs also grab things in their mouth and hurl them side to side as wild polar bears do with their prey. The facial profile is concave and there is a noticeable hump above the shoulders. The egg is fertilized and then develops into a tiny blastocyst embryo. This means that to the male grizzles, female polar bears have become viable mates. Females ovulate after spending several days with the male and mate several times over a few days. These three cubs grew to adulthood, later breeding themselves. It turns out that their mother was one of the original four wild F1 hybrid pizzly bears, and had mated with two male grizzly bears. If the father was a grizzly and the mother a polar bear, biologists have suggested they are called the grolar bear. landforms created by deposition and erosion; yamaha rmax accessories; used lifeboats for sale canada. And these arent the only animals that have found themselves displaced in some way thanks to the changing climate. General Description. Its not that it (hybridization) hasnt happened in Alaska, she wrote in an email, its just we havent had any confirmed documentation of it, and we dont have someone specifically looking for it.. One of his companions took a picture of the bear with her iPhone. As climate change increases temperatures and destroys the sea ice habitats of polar bears, they are forced to travel further inland for food. It turns out that Martells polar bear was actually a hybrid pizzly bear, the product of a male grizzly bear and a female polar bear! In fact, according to NASA, since 1979 the ice has continued to decrease every 10 years by at least 13%. That's why we need to continue to study them.". Even more surprising, however, was that a few of the new bears were double-hybrids! In the next several years following Martells discovery, more pizzly bear hybrids began showing up in the wild. Hybrid bears are mostly found around the Northern Territories in Canada. Of course, there is a completely different conversation around whether or not interbreeding is a good thing. [25], Such studies have not been limited to polar bears and brown bears, and it now appears that gene flow between species has been widespread during the evolution of the living species of bears. A hunter from Idaho by the name of Jim Martell apparently shot a polar-grizzly hybrid near Sachs Harbor on Banks Island in the Northwest Territories on April 16th, 2006. The pizzly bear is the hybrid offspring of its parents, the polar bear, and the grizzly bear. Eight pizzly or grolar bears were either killed by hunters or live-captured. Have some feedback for us? Amidst much controversy, the bear has since been returned to Martell. bears youth hockey; amprolium dosage for chickens; 23 kilometros por hora es mucho viento; how much does an aircat volleyball machine cost; josh anderson parents restaurant; for sale by owner rutherford, nj. [30] This varies according to which part of the grizzly the hair is taken from. | [26], Since the 2006 discovery placed the hybrid into the spotlight, the media have referred to this animal with several portmanteau names, such as pizzly bear, grolar bear,[27] and polizzly, but there is no consensus on the use of any one of these terms. Intermixing of the two species in Alaska during breeding season is very rare. Find out more here. It had a really big rump and a long neck and hydrodynamic shape. It resembles a polar bear but has claws and brown paws of a grizzly bear Experts claim the 'pizzly' or 'grolar' bear is a hybrid between the two DNA tests revealed it was actually a blonde haired . Over 90% of their nuclear genome, however, belongs to grizzly bears. "In the meantime, polar bears will increasingly have to look for other food sources if hunting seals on the sea ice becomes impossible," she said. With several suspected sightings and eight confirmed cases,[3] theories of how such hybrids might naturally occur have become more than hypothetical. Jun 09, 2022. what part of the pizzly resembles a grizzly bear . Scientists have now confirmed instances of resulting wild hybrids, known either as "grolars" or "pizzlies," depending on the parental combination. Possible wild-bred polar bear-grizzly bear hybrids have been reported and shot in the past, but DNA tests were not available to verify the bears' ancestry. When given toys, for example, pizzly bear cubs use both legs to stamp on them. Genetic analysis has revealed multiple instances of introgressive hybridization between bear species,[4][5][6] including introgression of polar bear DNA into brown bears during the Pleistocene ("grizzly bear" is a local common name for Ursus arctos whereas "brown bear" is used internationally and in science to refer to the species as a whole).[7]. With the lack of berries, salmon, and natural vegetation in the Arctic, grizzlies have been seen hunting seals, which are a common prey for polar bears. Thank you for reading! However, currently, these bear hybrids are commonly called grizzly-polar bear hybrids, grolar bears, pizzly bears, and grizzlars. Hybrid bears are a mix of polar bear and brown bear. Grizzly bears are large and range in color from very light tan (almost white) to dark brown. In fact, many of the bears analyzed from Alaskas Alexander Archipelago have mitochondrial DNA inherited from their maternal ancestors that entirely comes from polar bears! [30] The hybrids were also observed lying down as polar bears do: on their bellies with rear legs splayed. [30], The female hybrid bear, Tips, escaped her enclosure in November 2017, and was subsequently shot dead; zoo director Michael Boes reasoned that a tranquilizer would have taken 20 minutes to take effect, adding that "Tips' death was a great loss".[31]. [30], Similarly, the hair of the hybrids exhibits a pattern of hollowness, which blends the traits of polar bears and grizzlies. A stuffed "grolar bear," or "pizzly"grizzly-polar bear hybridlooms over the living room of Jim Martell in Glenn Ferry, Idaho, in 2007. [30] The hair of the female hybrid, "contains a range of hollow regions". But it will take time and additional research to know how well suited these hybrids are to survival. BGR is a part of Penske Media Corporation. Possibly, yes. Find out here in another article I have written. Due to this, the population of Florida panthers in the wild has now risen to 160. All of this could result in a habitat ready for the hybrids to move in and take over, leading to a loss in biodiversity if polar bears are replaced. Most bear movement was east and west, but one male he collared was followed out onto the sea ice, where it was hunting seals like a polar bear. Since there are few hybrid pizzly bears seen in the wild so far, it is hard to know for sure what will happen in the future. [21] Their report also collated information on several other sightings in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Two polar bearsSnowy (male) and Marion (female)lived together with a female Kodiak bear named Ramona. The mating season for the polar bear and the grizzly bear overlaps, increasing their chances of breeding. The head of a leopon resembles that of a lion; however, the rest of its body looks more similar to the leopard. a Pizzly has a Polar Bear father & Grizzly mother; a Grolar is the reverse. And, if we dont do something about the ongoing issue, we could see even more major changes. According to DeSantis, grizzly bears are moving further north as temperatures rise. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). This polar bear-grizzly bear hybrid is called a pizzly bear, a grolar bear, a nanulak or a rare ursid hybrid. Browse 11,941 grizzly bear stock photos and images available, or search for grizzly bear standing or bear to find more great stock photos and pictures. what part of the pizzly resembles a grizzly bear. As arctic ice continues to melt and shrink, polar bears must also travel further in search of food, and the previously separate ranges of polar bears and grizzly bears are beginning to overlap. Hybrid pizzly bears have visible tails like polar bears (grizzly bears have tails, but they are not very perceptible). 2 See answers Advertisement jyran200 The ears are the part that resembles Advertisement Ravensoul901 A lot of the body shapes are the same- for example, that hump thing on the the back, which is different than the polar bear's round body. Things are changing so fast, Shideler says. When it started to move, Kiah pulled out her camera with a super telephoto 600mm zoom and was surprised to see that it was a bear. It is believed that a single hybrid (F1) female is the mother of all four of these backcross individuals. Want to find out if bears can climb trees? Because of the limited overlap between polar bears and brown bears, there are few places where a hybrid bear could be found in the wild. She notes that grizzlies in the Arctic can be exceptionally light colored. After a century of unregulated hunting and habitat destruction, there were as few as 136 left in those . The hair follicles of pizzly bears have a unique hollow pattern, which shows a blend of the two parent species. As the sea ice continues to shrink, tundra regions are growing larger, allowing grizzly bears to move further north in search of food. Delayed implantation is when the embryo develops as far as the blastocyst stage but then enters metabolic dormancy, sometimes for several months. Polar bears, who, except for pregnant females, dont hibernate, are known to breed out on the sea ice in March and April. what part of the pizzly resembles a grizzly bear. These can be seen in the presence of second and third-generation pizzly bears. Pizzly bears are able to swim long distances and are skilled hunters of fish, which is a key food source for them in the Arctic. Although the polar bear and grizzly bear had mated in the Smithsonian National Zoo, it was thought unlikely to happen in the wild. Over the last decade, grizzly bear - polar bear hybrids have been confirmed within this region, triggering extensive discussion and speculation regarding the impact of hybridization on the parent species. Sat., Jan. 20, 2007. Its head also more closely resembles a grizzly. When polar bears and grizzly bears mate, the hybrid is called a pizzly bear, or a grolar bear. There are eight species of bear: the North American black bear, the Asiatic black bear, the brown bear, the giant panda, the polar bear, the sloth bear, the sun bear, and the. (A.E. When he's not writing, Ben enjoys reading literature, playing the guitar and embarrassing himself with chess. Please find out how they hunt in this article I wrote. They are omnivores and feed on a variety of foods, including fish, berries, and carrion. Pizzly bears have adapted to Arctic conditions by mixing polar bear genes with brown bear genes, which makes them better hunters and could help increase the polar bear population in an ever-warming climate. Grizzly bears have recently become more common on the Arctic Islands in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, concurrently with a period of environmental change. Now, I sure wish we would have gotten closer, Peter said. With climate change warming the planet, the arctic ice is melting at an alarmingly rapid rate. Two of the National Zoos hybrid bears, Pokodiak and Willie, mated and produced two of their own double hybrid cubs in 1950. Thankfully, they'll all miss. Peter and his companions wonder if the bear was a hybrid, the result of a polar bear and grizzly interbreeding. Amazon, FedEx, and UPS have grand goals to slash emissions. Josh Hawkins has been writing for over a decade, covering science, gaming, and tech culture. "But their molars are smaller than is typical for their body size because all they eat is blubber all day. The same two male brown bears both mated with the F1 female to produce the four backcross individuals, with three littermates being sired by one male and a single, older 3/4 grizzly bear coming from a mating between the F1 female and her father. The hybrid's other half is of the brown bear, sometimes called the grizzly bear. In 2010 an Inuvialuit hunter thought that he had shot a polar bear, but it turned out to be only 25% polar bear. Observational data does not show the two species intermixing, other than grizzlies running the much larger polar bears off. These accidental meetups also provide the chance for opportunistic mating between the two species. Wapusk Park in Canadas southern Hudson Bay is another place of interest for potential hybridization. In my spare time, I enjoy exploring the outdoors, watching movies, reading, creating art, and caring for my pets. Derocher/University of . What do these strange Pizzly Bear hybrids look like? Now, I wish we hadnt been such chickens and had gotten closer, Luke says. Bears are very intelligent, he says, smarter than dogs . This was the first pizzly bear found in the wild. The Smithsonian National Zoo had the first pizzly bear born in 1936, but the first wild hybrid was not found until 2006. was grizzly-polar hybrid", "Pizzly or grolar bear: grizzly-polar hybrid is a new result of climate change", "Exotic bear harvested in Nunavut was a blonde grizzly", "Grolar or pizzly? DNA tests confirmed that the animal was a hybrid the first documented wild offspring of a polar bear and a grizzly bear. Surprisingly, however, these two apex predators are joining forces in a surprisingly new way. Cashing in on the pandemic e-commerce boom suddenly made them much harder to reach. However, the very first hybrids were actually discovered as captive-bred bears born in zoos. As the Arctic continues to warm . The shape of the head is different for both parents as well. For example, mulesthe hybrid offspring of a donkey and a horseare sterile from birth and cannot reproduce. As the offspring of two of the most fearsome bears in North America, the polar bear, and the grizzly bear, there can be no doubt that the pizzly bear could be dangerous. 03 Mar 2023 12:53:04 This expansion in territory has also changed what these grizzles are eating. Since polar bears and grizzlies only diverged about 500,000 to 600,000 years ago, she said, their offspring are able to produce offspring as well. This is the main speculated reason for the fact that hybrids have been reported to have grizzly fathers and polar mothers. Females and males have a long mating ritual that lasts several days. He covers physics and astronomy, among other topics like tech and climate change. After some research and a DNA test, scientists concluded that the genetics were that of a polar bear and grizzly hybrid. On April 8, 2010, David Kuptana, an Inuvialuit hunter from the community of Ulukhaktok on Victoria Island shot what he thought was a polar bear. A pizzly was first discovered in the wild in 2006, when a hunter in Canada's far north killed a bear with white fur and brown patches as well as the humped back and long claws characteristic of. Furthermore, pizzly bear cubs often lay on their bellies with their rear legs splayed out behind them in a sploot, just like polar bears do! [3] The eight hybrids identified to date include four first-generation (F1, 50:50) and four grizzly bear backcross individuals (75:25 grizzly:polar bear). VIDEO: 'Pizzly bears': Climate change to thank for grizzly-polar bear hybrid, experts say However, the bears would continue to confuse and shock scientist for many years to come. The bear had thick fur characteristic of polar bears and a humped back, shallow face, long claws, and brown patches around its features and feet, usually seen on brown bears. But he hadn't heard about a hybrid appearing in the wild until 2006, when a hunter in the Canadian Arctic took down an odd-looking bearwhite with brown patchesthat, DNA testing later confirmed, was part-grizzly, part-polar bear. Although pizzly bears are not currently considered a distinct species, they are considered to be a subpopulation of either polar bears or grizzly bears. They have a dished face, short, rounded ears, and a large shoulder hump. He graduated from University College London with a degree in particle physics before training as a journalist. The mating of a grizzly bear and polar bear led to the hybrid animal, which was first spotted in 2006 in the Canadian Arctic. No one has been attacked by a pizzly bear, as far as records show; however, this is possibly due to the species low numbers. Range expansion of brown bears as a possible contributing factor, Wittmeyer, Alicia P.Q. [Scientist Dave] Grashelis said a hybrid bear is unofficially called a grolar bear if the sire is a grizzly bear and a pizzly bear if the sire is a polar bear. The other four wild hybrid bears were second-generation pizzly bears, which means that their DNA is 75% grizzly, and 25% polar bear. The Brown Bear's is Ursus arctos. Polar bears have hollow hair follicles. However, the continually warming climate appears to be forcing both species to adapt to new environments and habits. Genomic studies of brown bears and polar bears have revealed that gene flow from polar bears into brown bears, but not the other way around, was widespread in time and space during the Pleistocene. The hybrid shot last month was the offspring of a female hybrid and male grizzly, bringing the total known wild hybrid count to three (counting the two dead bears and hybrid mother). When studying a pizzly bears hair, it was noted that the hair on the back was generally hollow, while the hair taken from the paws was almost solid. In general, however, hybrid animals are not usually as well-adapted as their parent species. Southeast's ABC island archipelago (Admiralty, Baranof and Chichagof) is inhabited by a dense population of genetically unique brown bears. In fact, both polar bears and grizzly bears have been seen occupying the same areas as they feed on bowhead whale carcasses. Brown bears have been seen as far north as Banks Island and Victoria Island. Endangered polar bears are breeding with grizzly bears, creating hybrid pizzly bears, and it's being driven by climate change, scientists say. [12][13], On April 8, 2010, David Kuptana, an Inuvialuit hunter from the community of Ulukhaktok on Victoria Island shot what he thought was a polar bear. The answer might soon be common knowledge, as climate change has pushed these two species of bears together. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Pizzly bears, also known as grolar bears and nanulaks, are a cross between a polar bear and a grizzly bear. After inspecting the bear and having its DNA tested, it was discovered that the bear's mother was a grizzly-polar hybrid and the father was a grizzly bear. Wildlife officials from Canada also have another name for this hybrid bear. While these hybrid bears have been appearing since at least 2006, places like Alaska have seen massive growth in the population. It's called a "pizzly" or "grolar" bear, and is so rare only a handful of sightings have been confirmed in the wild -- and no one can say for sure how many even exist. Please find out how they hunt in this article I wrote, Bears can often be seen playing with each other, but do you know why? This is leading to a variety of consequences and changes.